The Paris Agreement, a climate change agreement adopted at the Paris Climate Change Conference on December 12, 2015 and signed in New York on April 22, 2016, sets out arrangements for global action to address climate change after 2020. The long-term goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit the increase in global average temperature to less than 2 degrees Celsius from the pre-industrial period and to work towards limiting temperature increases to less than 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Specifics.

Paris Agreement

The Parties to this Agreement.

Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as "the Convention").

In accordance with the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action established by decision 1/CP.17 of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its seventeenth session

Consistent with the objective of the Convention and guided by its principles, including those based on equity and reflecting common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, while taking into account different national circumstances

Recognizing the need for an effective and progressive response to the urgent threat of climate change based on the best available scientific knowledge

Recognizing also the specific needs and special circumstances of developing country Parties, as described in the Convention, in particular those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change

Taking fully into account the specific needs and special circumstances of the least developed countries with regard to actions on financing and technology transfer

Recognizing that Parties may be affected not only by the impacts of climate change but also by measures taken to address climate change

Emphasizing that climate change actions, responses and impacts are intrinsically linked to equitable access to sustainable development and poverty eradication

Recognizing the fundamental priority of guaranteeing food security and eradicating hunger, and the particular vulnerability of food production systems to the adverse effects of climate change

Considering the importance of achieving a just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs, in accordance with nationally established development priorities

Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind and that Parties should respect, promote and take into account their respective obligations with regard to human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, the rights of local communities, the rights of migrants, the rights of the child, the rights of persons with disabilities, the rights of vulnerable persons, the right to development, and gender equality, the empowerment of women and intergenerational equity when taking action to address climate change

Recognizing the need to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, the sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases referred to in the Convention

Noting the need to ensure the integrity of all ecosystems, including the oceans, and to protect the biodiversity that some cultures recognize as Mother Earth, and noting the importance of certain concepts of "climate justice" in taking action to address climate change

Affirming the importance of education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information and cooperation at all levels on the matters addressed in this Agreement, and recognizing the importance of involving all levels in the matters addressed in this Agreement

Recognizing the importance of engaging all levels of government and actors in addressing climate in accordance with the respective domestic legislation of the Parties

Recognizing also the important role that sustainable lifestyles and sustainable consumption and production patterns, with developed country Parties taking the lead, play in addressing climate change

Agrees as follows.

Article I

For the purposes of this Agreement, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In addition.

1. "Convention" means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on May 9, 1992

2. "Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention

3. "Parties" means the Parties to this Agreement.

Article 2

1. This Agreement, in strengthening the implementation of the Convention, including its objective, aims to enhance the global response to the threat of climate change in the context of efforts to achieve sustainable development and poverty eradication, including

(a) Keeping global average temperature increases below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and working to limit temperature increases to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this will significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change

(b) Increase the capacity to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change and enhance climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emission development in a manner that does not threaten food production.

(c) Aligning financial flows with low greenhouse gas emission and climate resilient development pathways.

2. The implementation of this Agreement will reflect the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective responsibilities in accordance with different national circumstances.

Article 3

As nationally owned contributions to the global response to climate change, all Parties will pledge and communicate a robust effort, as defined in Articles 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 13, to achieve the purposes described in Article 2 of this Agreement. The efforts of all Parties will increase over time, recognizing the need to support developing country Parties in order to effectively implement this Agreement.

ARTICLE IV

1. In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach a global peak in greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that reaching the peak will take longer for developing country Parties; and thereafter to reduce emissions rapidly, using the best available science, in order to achieve, on an equitable basis, a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. 2. The Parties shall prepare, implement, and implement the following actions

2. Each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain the next nationally owned contribution that it intends to achieve. A Party shall undertake domestic mitigation measures to achieve the objective of such contribution.

3. Each Party's next nationally owned contribution will be a gradual increase in the Party's current nationally owned contribution in accordance with its different national circumstances and reflect its maximum possible intensity, while reflecting its common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.

4. Developed country Parties should continue to take the lead in their efforts to achieve absolute economy-wide emission reduction targets. Developing country Parties should continue to enhance their mitigation efforts and should be encouraged to move towards absolute economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets, depending on their national circumstances.

Support shall be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation of this Article in accordance with Articles 9, 10 and 11 of this Agreement, recognizing that enhanced support to developing country Parties will enable them to scale up their actions.

Least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development that reflect their special circumstances.

7. Mitigation co-benefits from Parties' adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans can contribute to mitigation outcomes under this Article.

8. In communicating nationally owned contributions, all Parties shall provide the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding, in accordance with decision 1/CP.21 and any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

9. Each Party shall communicate its nationally owned contribution every five years in accordance with decision 1/CP.21 and any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, and taking into account the results of the global stocktaking referred to in Article 14.

10. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall consider a common timeframe for nationally owned contributions at its first session.

11. Parties may adjust their existing nationally owned contributions at any time to enhance their level of ambition in accordance with guidance adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

12. Nationally owned contributions notified by Parties shall be recorded in a public registry maintained by the Secretariat.

13. Parties shall account for their Nationally Owned Contributions (NACs). In accounting for anthropogenic emissions and removals equivalent to their nationally owned contributions, Parties shall promote environmental integrity, transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency, and ensure that double accounting is avoided in accordance with guidance adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

14. In the context of nationally owned contributions, Parties shall take into account existing methodologies and guidance under the Convention, as appropriate, when recognizing and implementing mitigation actions on anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with paragraph 13 of this Article.

15. In implementing this Agreement, Parties shall take into account the concerns of those Parties, in particular developing country Parties, whose economies are most severely affected by response measures.

16. Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have entered into an agreement to undertake joint actions pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article shall, at the time of their communication of nationally owned contributions, include the Secretariat of the provisions of that agreement, including the emissions allocated to each Party for the relevant period. The terms of the agreement shall then be communicated by the secretariat to the Parties and signatories to the Convention.

17. Each Party to such an agreement referred to in paragraph 16 above shall be responsible for the emission levels established for it by that agreement in accordance with paragraphs 13 and 14 and Articles 13 and 15 of this Article.

18. If a Party undertakes this work jointly with a regional economic integration organization within the framework of which it is itself a Party to this Agreement, the States of such regional economic integration organization, individually and together with that regional economic integration organization, shall, in accordance with paragraphs 13 and 14 and Articles 13 and 15 of this Article, be liable for the emissions notified to it under paragraph 16 of this Article (b) The Party shall be responsible for the emissions specified in the agreement notified to it pursuant to paragraph 16 of this Article.

19. All Parties shall endeavor to prepare and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in accordance with different national circumstances, taking into account Article 2.

Article 5

Parties shall take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases, including forests, as referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1(d), of the Convention.

Parties are encouraged to take action, including through results-based payments, to implement and support existing frameworks set out in relevant guidance and decisions already established under the Convention relating to: policy approaches and positive incentives for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries; and to implement and support Alternative policy approaches, such as joint mitigation and adaptation approaches on integrated and sustainable forest management, while reaffirming the importance of rewarding non-carbon benefits associated with such approaches, as appropriate.

Article 6

1. Parties recognize that some Parties have chosen to voluntarily cooperate in implementing their nationally owned contributions in order to be able to enhance the strength of their mitigation and adaptation actions and to promote sustainable development and environmental integrity.

Parties that adopt a cooperative approach on a voluntary basis and use internationally transferred mitigation outcomes to achieve nationally owned contributions shall promote sustainable development, ensure environmental integrity and transparency, including in the area of governance, and shall apply robust accounting to ensure the avoidance of double accounting, in accordance with, inter alia, guidance adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

The use of internationally transferred mitigation results to achieve nationally owned contributions under this Agreement shall be voluntary and permitted by the participating Parties.

4. A mechanism is hereby established, under the authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, for voluntary use by Parties to promote the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in support of sustainable development. It shall be overseen by a body designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement and shall be designed to

(a)Promote the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions while promoting sustainable development

(b)Incentivize and facilitate the participation of public and private entities under the authority of the Parties in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions

(c)Promote emission reductions by the host Party in order to benefit from emission reductions resulting from mitigation activities, which may also be used by another Party to meet its nationally owned contribution.

(d) To achieve overall mitigation of global emissions.

5. Emission reductions resulting from the mechanisms referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article that are used by another Party to express the achievement of its nationally owned contribution shall no longer be used to express the achievement of the host Party's autonomous contribution.

The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall ensure that a share of the proceeds from activities undertaken under the mechanisms referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article is used to cover administrative expenses and to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change to meet the costs of adaptation.

7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall, at its first session, adopt rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanisms referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article.

8. Parties recognize the importance of providing Parties with integrated, holistic and balanced non-market approaches to sustainable development and poverty eradication in a coordinated and effective manner, including, inter alia, through, as appropriate, mitigation, adaptation, financing, technology transfer and capacity building, to assist in the implementation of their nationally owned contributions. These approaches should aim to.

(a) Increase mitigation and adaptation efforts.

(b) Enhance public and private sector participation in the implementation of nationally owned contributions.

(c) Create opportunities for coordination among various instruments and related institutional arrangements.

9. A framework for non-market approaches to sustainable development referred to in paragraph 8 of this Article is hereby defined to promote non-market approaches.

Article 7

1. Parties hereby establish global adaptation goals on enhancing adaptive capacity, building resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change in order to promote sustainable development and to ensure appropriate adaptation responses in relation to the temperature targets referred to in Article 2.

Parties recognize that adaptation is a global challenge for all, with local, sub-national, national, regional and international dimensions, and that it is a key component and enabler of a long-term global response to climate change to protect people, livelihoods and ecosystems, taking into account the imminent needs of developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.

3. Adaptation efforts in developing countries should be recognized in accordance with the modalities adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session.

Parties recognize that current adaptation needs are significant, that increasing the level of mitigation can reduce the need for additional adaptation efforts, and that increasing the need for adaptation may increase the cost of adaptation.

Parties acknowledge that adaptation actions should follow a country-driven, gender-sensitive, participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into account vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and should be based on and guided by the best available science, as well as appropriate traditional knowledge, indigenous peoples' knowledge and local knowledge systems, with a view to integrating adaptation into relevant socio-economic and environmental policies and actions, as appropriate.

6. Parties recognize the importance of support for and international cooperation on adaptation efforts and the need to take into account the needs of developing country Parties, in particular those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.

7. Parties should enhance their cooperation on enhanced action on adaptation, taking into account the Cancun Adaptation Framework, including with regard to

(a) Exchanging information, good practices, experiences gained and lessons learned, including, as appropriate, those related to science, planning, policies and implementation in relation to adaptation actions

(b) Strengthening institutional arrangements, including those under the Convention serving this agreement, to support the synthesis of relevant information and knowledge, and to provide technical support and guidance to Parties

(c) Strengthening scientific knowledge on climate, including research, systematic observation of the climate system and early warning systems, to inform climate services and support decision-making

(d) Assist developing country Parties in identifying effective adaptation practices, adaptation needs, priorities, support provided and received for adaptation actions and efforts, challenges and gaps, in a manner consistent with encouraging good practices

(e) To enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of adaptation actions

8. United Nations specialized organizations and agencies are encouraged to support Parties in their efforts to implement actions referred to in paragraph 7 of this Article, taking into account the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article.

9. Each Party shall undertake adaptation planning processes and actions, as appropriate, including the development or enhancement of relevant plans, policies and/or contributions, which may include

(a) Implementation of adaptation actions, tasks and/or efforts

(b)A process on the development and implementation of national adaptation plans

(c)Assessment of climate change impacts and vulnerability to develop nationally developed priority actions, taking into account people, places and ecosystems in vulnerable situations

(d)Monitoring and evaluating adaptation plans, policies, programs and actions and learning from them.

(e) Build the resilience of socio-economic and ecological systems, including through economic diversification and sustainable management of natural resources.

10. Each Party shall, as appropriate, periodically submit and update a communication on adaptation, which may include its priorities, implementation and support needs, plans and actions, without imposing additional burdens on developing country Parties.

11. The adaptation communication referred to in paragraph 10 of this Article shall be submitted and updated regularly, as appropriate, and be incorporated into or submitted in conjunction with other communications or documents, including national adaptation plans, a nationally owned contribution and/or a national communication, as referred to in Article 4.2.

12. The adaptation communication referred to in paragraph 10 of this Article shall be recorded in a public registry to be maintained by the secretariat.

13. Developing country Parties shall receive sustained and enhanced international support for the implementation of paragraphs 7, 9, 10 and 11 of this Article, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 9, 10 and 11 of this Agreement.

14. The global summary referred to in Article 14 shall, inter alia

(a) Recognize the adaptation efforts of developing country Parties

(b)Enhance the implementation of adaptation actions, taking into account the communication of adaptation information referred to in paragraph 10 of this Article

(c)Review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and the support provided for adaptation

(d) Review the overall progress made in meeting the global adaptation goal referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.

Article 8

1. Parties recognize the importance of avoiding, minimizing and addressing loss and damage associated with climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset adverse impacts, and the role of sustainable development in reducing loss and damage.

2. The Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts shall be under the authority and guidance of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement and shall be strengthened by a decision of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

3. Parties shall enhance understanding, action and support on the basis of cooperation and facilitation, including through the Warsaw International Mechanism, as appropriate, with respect to loss and damage associated with adverse effects of change.

4. Accordingly, areas for cooperation and facilitation to enhance understanding, action and support include the following

(a) Early warning systems.

(b)Emergency preparedness.

(c)slow onset events.

(d)Events that may involve irreversible and permanent loss and damage.

(e)Comprehensive risk assessment and management.

(f)Risk insurance facilities, climate risk sharing arrangements and other insurance programs.

(g)Non-economic losses.

(h) Community resilience, livelihoods and ecosystems.

5. The Warsaw International Mechanism shall collaborate with existing institutions and expert panels under this Agreement and with relevant organizations and expert bodies outside this Agreement.

Article IX

1. Developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties in both mitigation and adaptation in order to continue to meet their existing obligations under the Convention.

2. Other Parties are encouraged to provide or continue to provide such support on a voluntary basis.

As part of the global effort, developed country Parties should continue to take the lead in mobilizing climate finance from a wide range of sources, instruments and channels, noting the important role of public funds through a variety of actions, including support for country-driven strategies, and taking into account the needs and priorities of developing country Parties. This mobilization of climate finance should progressively exceed previous efforts.

The provision of financial resources on a larger scale should aim to achieve a balance between adaptation and mitigation, taking into account country-driven strategies and the priorities and needs of developing country Parties, in particular those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change and subject to severe capacity constraints, such as the least developed countries, small island developing States, while also considering the provision of public resources for 5. Developed country Parties shall provide public and grant-based resources for adaptation, as appropriate.

Developed country Parties shall communicate, on a biennial basis, as appropriate, indicative quantitative and qualitative information relating to paragraphs 1 and 3 of this Article, including projections of the level of availability of public financial resources provided to developing country Parties. Other Parties providing resources are encouraged to also communicate such information on a voluntary basis every two years.

The global summary referred to in Article 14 shall take into account relevant information provided by developed country Parties and/or institutions of this Agreement on efforts related to climate finance.

Developed country Parties shall provide transparent and consistent information every two years on the provision and mobilization of support to developing countries through public interventions, in accordance with the modalities, procedures and guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session, in accordance with the provisions of Article 13, paragraph 13. Other Parties are encouraged to do the same.

8. The financial mechanism of the Convention, including its operating entities, shall serve as the financial mechanism of this Agreement.

The institutions serving this Agreement, including the operating entities of the financial mechanism of the Convention, shall aim to ensure effective access to funding for developing country Parties, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing States, with respect to national climate strategies and plans, by streamlining approval procedures and providing further preparedness to support them.

Article 10

Parties share a long-term vision of the need to fully implement technology development and transfer to improve resilience to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Noting the importance of technology for the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions under this Agreement, and recognizing existing technology deployment and diffusion efforts, Parties shall enhance cooperative action on technology development and transfer.

The Technology Mechanism established under the Convention shall serve this Agreement.

A technology framework is hereby established to provide overall guidance for the work of the Technology Mechanism in promoting and facilitating enhanced action on technology development and transfer to support the implementation of this Agreement in accordance with the long-term vision referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.

5. Accelerating, encouraging and enabling innovation is essential for an effective, long-term global response to climate change, and for promoting economic growth and sustainable development. Such efforts should be supported, as appropriate, including by the Technology Mechanism and by the financial mechanism of the Convention through financial means, to enable collaborative approaches to research and development and to facilitate access to technology, in particular for developing country Parties, at an early stage of the technology cycle.

Support, including financial support, shall be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation of this Article, including for enhanced cooperative action on technology development and transfer at different stages of the technology cycle, in order to achieve a balance between support for mitigation and adaptation. The global summary referred to in Article 14 shall take into account available information on support for the development and transfer of technologies in developing country Parties.

Article 11

Capacity-building under this Agreement shall strengthen the capacity of developing country Parties, in particular those with the least capacity, such as the least developed countries, and those that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, such as small island developing States, to take effective action on climate change, which includes, inter alia, the implementation of adaptation and mitigation actions, and shall facilitate technology development, diffusion and deployment, access to climate finance, the relevant aspects of education, training and public awareness, and transparent, timely and accurate communication of information.

Capacity-building, in particular for developing country Parties, should be country-driven, based on and responsive to national needs, and promote national ownership by Parties, including at the national, sub-national and local levels. Capacity-building should be guided by lessons learned, including from capacity-building activities under the Convention, and should be a participatory, cross-cutting and gender-focused process that is effective and iterative.

3. All Parties shall cooperate to strengthen the capacity of developing country Parties to implement this Agreement. Developed country Parties shall strengthen their support for capacity building actions in developing country Parties.

All Parties that are strengthening the capacity of developing country Parties to implement this Agreement, including through regional, bilateral and multilateral modalities, shall communicate regularly on such capacity building actions or measures. Developing country Parties shall regularly communicate progress in implementing capacity building plans, policies, actions or measures for the implementation of this Agreement.

Capacity-building activities shall be enhanced through appropriate institutional arrangements, including relevant institutional arrangements established under the Convention to serve this Agreement, to support the implementation of this Agreement. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall, at its first session, consider and adopt a decision on the initial institutional arrangements for capacity-building.

Article 12

Parties shall cooperate, as appropriate, in taking steps to enhance climate change education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information, recognizing the importance of these steps for enhancing action under this Agreement.

Article 13

In order to build mutual confidence and facilitate effective implementation, an enhanced transparency framework on actions and support is hereby established, with a built-in flexible mechanism to take into account differences in the capacities of Parties and to build on collective experience.

The transparency framework shall provide flexibility for developing country Parties to implement the provisions of this Article for those developing country Parties that require such flexibility due to their capacity issues. The modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 13 of this Article shall reflect this flexibility.

The transparency framework shall build on and strengthen the transparency arrangements established under the Convention, recognizing the special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS, be implemented in a manner that is facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive and respectful of national sovereignty, and avoid undue burden on Parties.

Transparency arrangements under the Convention, including national communications, biennial reports and biennial update reports, international assessment and review, and international consultation and analysis, shall be part of the experience on which the modalities, procedures and guidelines under this Article 13 are developed.

The purpose of the transparency framework for action is to provide a clear understanding of climate change actions, in accordance with the objective set out in Article 2 of the Convention, including identifying and tracking progress made by Parties in achieving their respective nationally owned contributions under Article 4; and adaptation actions by Parties under Article 7, including good practices, priorities, needs and gaps, in order to inform the global stocktaking under Article 14.

The purpose of the support transparency framework is to identify the support provided and received by each Party concerned in relation to climate change actions under Articles 4, 7, 9, 10 and 11, and to reflect, to the extent possible, a comprehensive overview of the cumulative financial support provided, in order to inform the global stocktaking under Article 14.

7. Each Party shall regularly provide information on

(a) A national inventory report on anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases, using good practices accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement

(b) Information necessary to track progress in the implementation and achievement of nationally owned contributions under Article 4.

8. Each Party shall also provide information relevant to climate change impacts and adaptation under Article 7, as appropriate.

9. Developed country Parties shall, and other Parties providing support shall, provide information on the provision of financial resources, technology transfer and capacity-building support to developing country Parties under Articles 9, 10 and 11.

Developing country Parties shall provide information on the financial resources, technology transfer and capacity-building support required and received under Articles 9, 10 and 11.

A technical expert review of the information submitted by Parties pursuant to Article 7 and 9 shall be conducted in accordance with decision 1/CP.21. This review process shall include assistance in identifying capacity-building needs for those developing country Parties that need it due to capacity issues. In addition, Parties shall engage in facilitative multiparty reviews to consider the work under Article 9 and the progress of their respective implementation and achievement of nationally owned contributions.

12. The technical expert review under this paragraph shall include appropriate consideration of the support provided by Parties and the implementation and achievement of nationally owned contributions. The review shall also identify areas for improvement by the Party and include a review of the consistency of this information with the modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 13 of this Article, taking into account the flexibility granted to Parties under paragraph 2 of this Article. The review shall pay particular attention to the respective national capacities and circumstances of developing country Parties.

13. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall, at its first session, elaborate the provisions of this Article, adopting, as appropriate, common modalities, procedures and guidelines for transparency in action and support, based on the experience gained with transparency-related arrangements under the Convention.

14. Support shall be provided to developing countries for the implementation of this Article.

15. Ongoing support shall be provided to developing country Parties to build transparency-related capacity.

Article 14

The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall periodically take stock of the implementation of this Agreement in order to assess the collective progress towards the achievement of the purpose and long-term goal of this Agreement (referred to as the "global stocktaking"). The assessment shall be conducted in a comprehensive and facilitative manner, taking into account mitigation, adaptation issues and modalities for implementation and support, and taking into account equity and the use of the best available science.

The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall conduct the first global stocktaking in 2023 and every five years thereafter, unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

The results of the global stocktaking shall inform the Parties to update and strengthen their actions and support in a nationally owned manner in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Agreement, as well as to enhance international cooperation for climate action.

Article 15

A mechanism is hereby established to facilitate the implementation of and compliance with the provisions of this Agreement.

The mechanism referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be composed of a committee, shall be predominantly expert and shall be facilitative in nature, exercising its functions in a transparent, non-confrontational and non-punitive manner. The Committee shall pay particular attention to the respective national capacities and circumstances of the Parties.

3. The Committee shall operate under the modalities and procedures adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session and shall report annually to the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

Article 16

The Conference of the Parties to the Convention, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the Conference of the Parties to this Agreement.

Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Agreement may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement. When the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement, decisions under this Agreement shall be taken only by those who are Parties to this Agreement.

When the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to this Agreement, any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the Convention that is not a Party to this Agreement at that time shall be replaced by another member elected by the Parties to this Agreement from among the Parties to this Agreement.

The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall periodically review the implementation of this Agreement and shall take, within its mandate, such decisions as may be necessary to facilitate the effective implementation of this Agreement. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall perform the functions assigned to it under this Agreement and shall

(a) establish such subsidiary bodies as may be deemed necessary for the performance of this Agreement

(b) Exercise such other functions as may be necessary for the performance of this Agreement.

The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention and the financial rules adopted under the provisions of the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis under this Agreement, unless the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement may decide otherwise by consensus.

The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall be convened by the Secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention scheduled after the date of entry into force of this Agreement. Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall be held in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties, unless the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement decides otherwise.

7. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement will be held at any other time deemed necessary by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement or at the written request of any Party, provided that the request is supported by at least one third of the Parties within six months after it has been communicated to the Parties by the secretariat.

8. The United Nations and its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency, as well as their member States or observers not party to the Convention, may be represented as observers at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. Any body or agency, whether national or international, governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by this Agreement and which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement as an observer, may be admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object. The admission and participation of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure referred to in paragraph 5 of this Article.

Article 17

The Secretariat established under Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat of this Agreement.

Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention concerning the functions of the Secretariat and Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention concerning arrangements for the exercise of the functions of the Secretariat shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement. The Secretariat shall also exercise the functions assigned to it under this Agreement and by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

Article 18

The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation, established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention, shall serve as the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation, respectively, of this Agreement. The provisions of the Convention relating to the exercise of the functions of these two bodies shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement. The sessions of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of this Agreement shall be held in conjunction with the sessions of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation of the Convention, respectively.

Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Agreement may participate as observers in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies are acting as subsidiary bodies of this Agreement, decisions under this Agreement shall be taken only by Parties to this Agreement.

When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise their functions with respect to matters concerning this Agreement, any member of the Bureau of the subsidiary body representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Agreement, shall be replaced by another member elected by the Parties to this Agreement from among the Parties to this Agreement.

ARTICLE XIX

Subsidiary bodies or other institutional arrangements established under or by the Convention, other than those referred to in this Agreement, shall service this Agreement in accordance with decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall specify the functions to be performed by such subsidiary body or arrangement.

The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement may provide further guidance to such subsidiary bodies and institutional arrangements.

Article 20

This Agreement shall be open for signature by, and subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by, States and regional economic integration organizations that are Parties to the Convention. This Agreement shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017. Thereafter, this Agreement shall be open for accession from the day following the closing date for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary. 2.

Any regional economic integration organization that becomes a Party to this Agreement to which none of its member States is a Party shall be bound by all the obligations of this Agreement. Where one or more member States of a regional economic integration organization is a Party to this Agreement, that organization and its member States shall determine their respective responsibilities with respect to the performance of their obligations under this Agreement. In such a case, the organization and its member States shall not be entitled to exercise simultaneously the rights provided for in this Agreement.

A regional economic integration organization shall declare its competence with respect to matters governed by this Agreement in its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. Such organization shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in turn inform the Parties, of any substantial change in the scope of its competence.

Article XXI

This Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, including those Parties to the Convention which together account for at least approximately 55 per cent of total global emissions of greenhouse gases.

For the limited purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article only, "total global greenhouse gas emissions" means the most recently notified amount on or before the date of adoption of this Agreement by a Party to the Convention.

For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Agreement after the conditions for entry into force set forth in paragraph 1 of this Article have been met, this Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession by such State or regional economic integration organization.

For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be deemed to be additional to those deposited by its Member States.

Article 22

The provisions of Article 15 of the Convention relating to the adoption of amendments to the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement.

Article 23

1. The provisions of Article 16 of the Convention relating to the adoption and amendment of annexes to the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement.

2. The annexes to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement and, unless otherwise expressly provided, any reference to this Agreement shall be accompanied by a reference to any annexes thereto. These annexes shall be limited to lists, tables and any other descriptive material of a scientific, technical, procedural or administrative nature.

Article 24

The provisions of Article XIV of the Convention concerning the settlement of disputes shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Agreement.

Article 25

1. Except as provided in paragraph 2 of this Article, each Party shall have one vote.

Regional economic integration organizations shall exercise their right to vote in matters within their competence with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to this Agreement. A regional economic integration organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any member State of such organization exercises its own right to vote, and vice versa.

Article 26

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the depositary of this Agreement.

Article 27

No reservations may be made to this Agreement.

Article 28

1. At any time after the expiry of three years from the date of entry into force of this Agreement for a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Agreement by written notification to the Depositary.

Any such denunciation shall take effect upon the expiry of one year from the date of receipt of the notification of denunciation by the Depositary, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of denunciation.

Any Contracting Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be deemed to have also withdrawn from this Agreement.

Article 29

The original of this Agreement, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

DONE at Paris, this twelfth day of December, one thousand and fifteen.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Agreement on the date fixed.

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